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NEI's Technical Info
  • "Do's & Don'ts" in Designing Heating Elements
  • General Operating and Maintenance Instructions for Heating Elements
  • Ohm's Law
  • Chromel®: The original resistance alloy that first made electrical heating practical.
  • Heating Element Design Fundamentals
  • Selecting a Suitable Resistance Alloy
  • Technical Fundamentals of Electrical Heating
  • Current Carrying Capacity Chromel® "A" Wire
  • Ohm's Law

    Applying Ohm's Law-Regardless of which alloy is selected, all electrical resistance type heating elements will operate on either alternating or direct current according to the ratio between the alloy's resistance (ohms), the applied electromotive force (volts), and the current (amperes). This ratio, called Ohm's Law, may be expressed by the equations given below.

    In as much as the electrical resistivity of all heating element alloys will increase somewhat with temperature, the ohmage as calculated by the above formulae should be considered the "hot resistance" necessary for a given wattage in a device when it is at operating temperature. While the average percent increase in resistance for each of the Chromel® alloys is given on preceding pages, it is recommended that a test be made on a finished prototype device to determine the proper allowance to make for this increase in resistance.

    Volts = Amperes X OhmsE = I X R
    Amperes = Volts ÷ Ohmsl = E ÷ R
    Ohms = Volts ÷ AmperesR = E ÷ l
    Watts = Volts X AmperesW = E X l
    Watts = (Volts)² ÷ OhmsW = E² ÷ R
    Watts = (Amperes)² X OhmsW = I² X R
    Ohms = Watts ÷ (Amperes)²R = W ÷ I²


    Resistance Alloy Basic Characteristics Application Recommendations
    Chromel®-A
    Maximum Temperature:
    Element: 2250 F.
    Operating: 2150 F.
    Excellent ductility, weldablility, hot strength and mechanical stability. Highly resistant to oxidation and most forms of corrosion at elevated operating temperatures. Appliance and furnace heating elements operating in clean, dry air. May also be used in vacuum and completely inert or strongly reducing atmospheres.
    Chromel®-AA
    Maximum Temperature:
    Element: 2250 F.
    Operating: 2150 F.
    Exceptionally resistant to oxidation, green rot corrosion, carburization, and sulfur contamination. Mechanical properties are similar to those of Chromel®-A. Developed primarily for use in controlled atmosphere furnaces and applications involving metallic contaminants. Also in vacuum furnaces and appliances.
    Chromel®-C
    Maximum Temperature:
    Element: 1950 F.
    Operating: 1850 F.
    Has very good room and high temperature mechanical properties-plus excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion in the medium high temperature range. Widely used in domestic appliances and various small heating devices requiring elements capable of providing very high resistance's within a limited space.
    Chromel®-D
    Maximum Temperature:
    Element: 1900 F.
    Operating: 1800 F.
    Highly resistant to oxidation, green rot as corrosion and sulfur attack in the medium high temperature range. Has good hot strength and mechanical stability. Commonly used as heating elements in controlled atmosphere furnaces that are operated in the critical temperature range between 1500 and 1900 F.

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